Touch sensitive polyphonic musical instrument

ABSTRACT

A touch sensitive device is associated with at least one key of an electronic musical instrument such as an electronic organ, inclues a layer of a pressure responsive, variable conductance material, and exhibits a switching action when subjected to pressure beyond a threshold pressure, any increase in pressure thereafter providing an increase in conductance up to a saturation pressure. The device may be used either as a combined switch and amplitude control or may be used in associated with one or more capacitors to provide either a high pass or low pass touch-control audio filter. In a totally polyphonic instrument a tone generator and touch-control filter are respectively associated with and responsive to each key depression, the output signal from each activated filter being coupled preferably to audio mixer circuitry.

Unite Sttes atent 1191 Pearllman et all.

[ TOUCH SENSITIVE POLYJPIHIUNIIC MUSICAL HNSTRUMENT [73] Assignee: AR]? Instruments, line, Newton Highlands, Mass.

[22] Filed: June 15, 1972 [21] Appl. No.: 263,17

Primary ExaminerRudolph V. Rolinec Assistant Examiner-Marvin Nussbaum Attorney-David M. Driscoll [5 7] ABSTRACT A touch sensitive device is associated with at least one key of an electronic musical instrument such as an electronic organ, inclues a layer of a pressure responsive, variable conductance material, and exhibits a switching action when subjected to pressure beyond a threshold pressure, any increase in pressure thereafter 52 us. c1. 333/70 cu, 333/70 s Providing an increase in conductance p to a Satura- 1511 1111. c1. ..1110311 7/10 tion Pressure The device may be used either as a [58] 111010 M Search 333/70 CR, 70 5; combined Switch and amplitude control or y be 338/69, 1 84/101 1,04 1,23 DIG used in associated with one or more capacitors to pro- 7, DIG 9 vide either a high pass or low pass touch-control audio filter. In a totally polyphonic instrument a tone gener- [56] Regeremes Cited ator and touch-control filter are respectively asso- UNn-ED STATES PATENTS ciated with and responsive to each key depression, the 2 472 1 /194 Hurvitz 338/114 output slgnal from each activated filter being coupled 2,873,637 2 1959 Herold 84/].04 preferably to audio mxer clrcumy' 3,694,559 9/1972 Suzuki et a1. 84/101 6 Claims, 21 Drawing Figures SIGNAL 111 ill- .01; I36 15D .Ulut 140'- |62 IL 142 .UIM; I44 I54 |l I46 .U|M][ |411- 1 5 IL PATENTED 8 I974 VOLTAGE GAIN LUW || Av. IBHz FREQUENCY (L06 SCALE) sum 3 OF 5 l IIIIIIIII I,

IBKHz IBHz MEDIUM 500 Hz FREQUENCY (L05 5cm) SATURATION PRESSURE TH RESHDLD PRESSURE PRESSURE PATENTED JAN 8 SHEET 5 BF 5 GEN KEY! W FILTER W SECTION m GEN M ,L CONTROL VOLTAGE VCC s cTIoN 260 \TERAT'I AT-TENIIATQR T SECTION T 26.2 coNTRoL VOLTAGE 244 AVAILABLE FOR OTHER KEY FUNCTIONS FILTER SECTION GEN-TEFL VETAGE sEcT I ON V'BRATC AT ENUATOR SECTION TON F KEY III FILTER SECTION SECTION ATTENUATC-R SECTION AUDIO PROCESSOR FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to pressure-sensitive devices preferably adapted for use in electronic musical instruments. More particularly, the present invention is concerned with pressure-sensitive devices associated with the keys of an electronic musical instrument for providing amplitude control or audio filtering.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION It has long been appreciated that one of the more desirable attributes of a piano is that the amplitude of the tones provided by the piano are each separately under the control of the respective finger of the player, immediately as sounded. Thus, a piano even when used as a single voiced instrument is nevertheless capable of expressing shades of dynamic control unattainable in other keyboard instruments such as organs or harpsichords.

One early instrument, the clavichord, did have the ability to affect pitch to a limited extent after the key has been depressed. Since the key contacts the string via a tangential contact element during the time that the note is held, extra finger pressure can cause the note to become sharp while the string is vibrating.

Historically, dynamic control in organs has been achieved through the use of a foot pedal, for example, but the control thus provided is comparatively coarse and usually applies to all notes sounded simultaneously at a given time. Organs and other instruments operated by keys or a keyboard are today frequently electronic in nature, i.e., the various tones are generated by electronic means and the tones are switched electrically by manipulation of the keys, the ultimate output of the instrument being produced typically at one or more audio speakers. Attempts have been made to endow such instruments with touch sensitivity in order to expand the dynamic capabilities of the instrument, but such efforts, when successful, have involved a fairly complex and usually very expensive system. For example, it is known that strain gauges, electromagnetic transducers, and piezoelectric crystals can be employed inasmuch as they tend to produce an output which varies with pressure. However, the use of such devices is expensive and requires complex auxiliary electronic circuitry.

The mechanical linkage in instruments such as the piano is also complex and relatively expensive, and has the disadvantage that it can only produce percussive effects proportional to finger velocity when the key is first depressed, since the hammer which contacts the string is designed to fall away from the string after initially striking the string.

Moreover, prior art electronic musical instruments do not provide touch-sensitive audio filters wherein a filter may preferably be associated with each key of the instrument. A typical known instrument comprises, inter alia, a keyboard and corresponding voltage divider, control circuitry, envelope generator and voltage controlled osciallators. These instruments may provide some degree of touch-sensitive amplitude control but usually discrete control associated with each and every key is not practical as the cost is prohibitive. Also, with these instruments direct touch-responsive filtering has not been used. Usually the applied pressure is converted to a voltage which is then used to control voltage-controlled filters or voltage-controlled amplifiers. A voltage-controlled filter is relatively expensive. F urthermore, the inclusion of resistive voltage dividers, relatively complex control circuitry and envelope generators adds significantly to the overall cost of the instrument.

OBJ.EQIS..0E THE .lNY t T N Accordingly, a principal object of the present invention is to provide a touch-sensitive polyphonic musical instrument including an improved touch-sensitive device wherein most of the problems of the prior art referred to hereinabove are overcome.

Another object of the present invention is to provide a new system concept for a polyphonic musical instrument wherein much of the prior art circuitry such as transient envelope-control generators and voltagecontrolled filters can be eliminated. This basic system includes a tone generator (oscillator) associated with each key and a touch-sensitive audio filter whose frequency response varies in response to the pressure applied to the respective key.

Still another object of the present invention is to provide a system in accordance with the preceding object comprising a control voltage generator and voltage controlled amplifier associated with each key with the input of the amplifier derived from the tone generator and the output of the amplifier combined with the output of the touch sensitive audio filter. The gain of the voltage controlled amplifier is controlled from the control voltage generator and in such a way that when the key is released the audio output of the amplifier decays away at a predetermined time constant.

A further object of the present invention is to provide a touch-sensitive device disposed in functional relationship to a key of a musical instrument and that requires only a small displacement, hence making it suitable for use in instruments which employ keyboards or fingerboards wherein rapid playing has heretofore been hindered by the necessity for large key excursions.

Still another object of the present: invention is to provide a touch-sensitive device that is relatively small and inexpensive to construct, thereby making the device particularly suitable for use in polyphonic instruments wherein the cost per device must be kept low.

Another object of the present invention is to provide a touch-sensitive device which is simple in construction, employs inexpensive components and is not difficult to assemble.

Still another object of the present invention is to provide a touch-sensitive device constructed as a filter circuit having a variable cutoff frequency in dependence upon the applied pressure.

Still another object of the present invention is to provide a plurality of touch-sensitive devices which are relatively compact and easily stacked preferably one above the other, wherein these devices are actuated from a single key. This stack of touch-sensitive devices is preferably designed for actuation. with modest pressures applied to the key.

A further object of the present invention is to provide a variable controlled voltage output preferably taken from one of the touch-sensitive devices of a stack of such devices, and which is suitable for operating special effects responsive to key pressure, such as vibrato, growl, pitch blend, etc.

SUMMARY or THE INVENTION In accordance with one aspect of the present invention there is provided a novel polyphonic musical instrument preferably of the clavichord keyboard type and comprising a plurality of tone generators, one associated with each key of the keyboard, and preferably a like plurality of touch-sensitive devices, each responsive to the actuation of a corresponding key and associated with a corresponding tone generator. Each tone generator may include a square wave oscillator, sawtooth oscillator or other waveform oscillator, with each tone generator set to operate at the appropriate musical frequency. In one embodiment of the invention, the touch-sensitive device functions as a switch between a condition of no load or pressure and a threshold pressure and thereafter exhibits a conductance which varies responsively to additional increasing pressure. In another embodiment associated with the system concept of the present invention, there is provided a touchsensitive audio filter comprising a plurality of discrete touch responsive conductance means having a plurality of discrete reactance means associated therewith to form either a high pass or low pass filter arrangement having a cutoff frequency that varies in accordance with the applied pressure.

In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a voltage controlled amplifier associated with each key and connected so that a portion of the signal from the tone generator associated with that key is amplified by an amount which is responsive to the pressure applied to the key. The voltage controlled amplifier has means associated therewith so that when the key is released the signal output of the amplifier decays away at a predetermined time constant. In the aforementioned embodiment there may also be provided a control voltage output responsive to key pressure and suitable for controlling vibrato or other special effects.

DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Numerous other objects, features and advantages of the invention will now become apparent upon a reading of the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which:

FIG. 11 is an expanded perspective view showing the elements of an exemplary key switch embodying the principles of the present invention;

FIG. 2 is a cross-section taken through an assembled form of the structure of FIG. ll;

FIG. 3 is the structure of FIG. 2 under a compressive load;

FIG. d is a graphical plot of conductance against pressure, illustrating operation of the embodiment of FIG. ll;

FIG. 5 is a cross-section taken through an exemplary embodiment of a portion of a touch-sensitive plurality of paralleled resistors embodying the principles of the present invention;

FIG. 6 is a circuit diagram showing the embodiment of FIG. 5 used to form an exemplary high-pass filter;

FIG. 7 is a cross-section taken through a portion of an embodiment of a touch-sensitive plurality of series connected resistors embodying the principles of the present invention;

FIG. 8 is a circuit diagram of an exemplary low-pass filter incorporating the embodiment of FIG. 7;

FIG. 9 is a block diagram of a touch-sensitive system for use in a polyphonic musical instrument or music synthesizer;

FIG. MI is an enlarged cross-sectional view of another embodiment of a touch controlled filter that may be used in the block diagram of FIG. 9;

FIG. III shows the circuit equivalent for the touch controller filter of FIG. III;

FIG. I12 shows a series of cross-sectional views through a portion of the filter of FIG. III for differently applied compressive forces;

FIG. I3 is a plot of voltage gain vs. frequency for the filter of FIG. MD for low, moderate and high pressures;

FIG. I is a plot of pressure vs. cutoff frequency of the filter of FIG. MI);

FIG. I5 is an exploded view of yet another embodiv ment of a relatively inexpensive touch-sensitive device suitable for stacking with similar devices to provide different touch-sensitive features;

FIG. 116 is a cross-sectional end view of the assembled device depicted in FIG. IS in its uncompressed state;

FIG. I7 is a cross-sectional end view similar to that shown in FIG. 116 with a compressive force being applied;

FIG. llg is a vertical sectional side view showing the key structure and associated touch-sensitive device assembly which may include a plurality of devices of the type shown in FIG. I5;

FIG. 19 is a circuit schematic diagram partially in block form of another embodiment of a touch-sensitive system for use in a polyphonic musical instrument or music synthesizer;

FIG. 2t) shows another embodiment for the touchsensitive device assembly shown in FIG. 18, in an uncompressed state; and

FIG. 21 is a view similar to that shown in FIG. 20 with the assembly in a compressed state.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION To accomplish the foregoing and other objects of the invention there is provided a device including a body formed of an elastically deformable electrically insulating material admixed with particles of an electrically conductive material and characterized in that when deformed, e.g. by compressive force, the body exhibits, at least in the direction of the compressive force, an electrical conductance which increases with the compressive load or pressure. The device also includes electrical leads intended to contact respective portions of the deformable body at points along the direction of compression so as to be able to introduce an electrical current through the body. Further, in a preferred form wherein the device is intended to function as a switch, there is positioned between one of the leads and the deformable body, a substantially electrically insulating material having therein an aperture. The deformable body and the one lead are disposed at opposite ends of the aperture and normally held spaced apart or out of contact with one another in the absence of a compressive force, and are positioned such that when a compressive force is applied, the deformable body is deformed so as to extend into the aperture and contact the lead, thereby effecting a switching action. In yet other embodiments of the invention, the deformable body and leads are used in multiple to constitute the resistive impedances in an RC filter network.

Referring now to the drawings there is shown in FIG. 1 an exploded perspective view of a typical device 26 embodying the principles of the present invention and comprising upper and lower elements 22 and 24 preferably composed of synthetic polymeric material or other electrically insulating material. As shown particularly in FIG. 2, positioned immediately adjacent to and in contact with the lower surface of upper element 22, and with the upper surface of lower element 241-, are electrically conductive elements 26, 26, respectively, preferably composed of thin metal films clad to ele ments 22 and 24 The laminates formed of elements 22 and 26 and elements 24 and 26 advantageously can simply be unetched printed circuit board (ca. one thirty-second inch formed of gold plated copper cladding on an epoxy-glass base.

An elastically deformable and compressible slab 36 formed of a mixture of electrically insulating material which preferably provides the elasticity as well, and electrically conductive, comminuted material is positioned immediately adjacent to and in contact with the lower surface of electrically conductive element 26. Typically, the electrically insulating material can be formed of natural polyers, e.g. foamed rubber, or a foamed synthetic polymeric material such as polymers and copolymers of ethylene, urethane and the like. lParticles of conductive material 32 such as graphite are distributed throughout the electrically insulating material in such quantity size and distribution so that when slab 36 is deformed, e.g. by compressive force, the electrical conductance across the slab in the direction of compression increases, and when the compressive force is reduced the electrical conductance across the slab decreases. Preferably the particles of conductive material are admixed substantially uniformly through the insulating material. Under no compressive load slab 36 exhibits a minimum conductance dependent upon the slab thickness, density of conductive particles in the slab, particle size and similar parameters. Such resilient materials exhibiting conductivity change with pressure are commercially available.

A spacer 341 formed of an electrically insulating material having an aperture 36 therethrough is positioned between and immediately adjacent to and in contact with the lower surface of slab 36 and the upper surface of electrically conductive element 26. Typically spacer 34 is formed of a relatively rigid electrically insulating material such as epoxy-glass, or a synthetic polymeric material such as rigid polyvinyl chloride, rigid acetate, rigid vinyl, high impact styrene, phenolic polymers and the like. Spacer 36 is sufficiently thick so that in the absence of a compressive force, element 26 will be spaced apart from slab 36. Conversely, spacer 34 is thin enough so that under sufficient compressive load slab 36 will be deformed and extend through aperture 36 and contact element 26. The amount of pressure necessary to effect electrical contact between element 26 and slab 36, i.e., the so-called threshold pressure," will depend on the thickness of slab 36, its resiliency, the thickness of spacer 36, and the size and shape of aperture 36. One skilled in the art will be able to determine suitable parameters depending on the desired threshold pressure.

Aperture 36 typically has a diameter around threeeighths inch. Electrical leads 46 and 412 which serve as terminals for an electrical circuit, are attached to upper and lower conductive elements 26 and 26,respectively.

Referring now to FIG. 3, there is shown the structure of FIG. 2 under a compressive load applied to upper element 22. The structure is attached to a suitable frame (not shown). The compressive load presses upper element 22 downward which compresses deformable slab 36 and forces a portion of slab 36 through aperture 36 into contact with lower conductive element 26. This completes the circuit between element 26 and 26. It will be understood that when the compressive force is removed, elastically deformable slab 36 will urge upper element 22 to return to its normal position, and break the circuit between elements 26 and 26.

In FIG. 41 there is shown a conductance profile as a function of pressure in a structure of the present invention. Until the threshold pressure is reached electrical conductance across the device is zero or negligible. As threshold pressure, conductance increases abruptly. Above threshold pressure, conductance increases proportionately, if nonJinearly, to increases in pressure. Conductivity continues to rise with pressure until the compressibility of slab 36 approaches its limit.

In FIG. 6 there is shown a cross-section of another device embodying the principles of the present invention and useful to provide a plurality of parallel, pressure variable resistors for use in a pressure sensitive, variable high-pass filter. The device comprises upper and lower elements 56, 52, a plurality of elastically deformable slabs 641, 56, 56 formed of a mixture of electrically insulating material and electrically conductive, comminuted material of the type described hereinabove, stacked one upon another between element 56 and 52, and sandwiched between respective pairs of electrically conductive elements 66 and 62, 66 and 66, 66 and 76, respectively. Spacers 72 and 76, formed of electrically insulating material are positioned between elements 62 and 641, 66 and 66, respectively.

FIG. 6 is a circuit diagram showing an embodiment of an exemplary high-pass filter employing the device of FIG. 5. In such circuit a plurality of variable resistors, which are respectively slabs 56, 56 and 56, are connected through elements 66, 62, 64, 66, 66 and 76 to one another. capacitors 76, 76 and 66 are connected in series, element 66 being connected between capacitors 76 and 76, element 66 being connected between capacitors 76 and 66 and element 76 being connected to the opposite plate of capacitor 66. Elements 62, 64 and 66 of course are connected to one another. It will be apparent that the filter of FIG. 6 provides frequency attenuation and pass characteristics variable in response to pressure applied to it.

In FIG. 7 there is shown a cross-section of another embodiment of the present invention useful to form a low-pass filter device. The device comprises upper and lower rigid insulating elements 96,. and 92, a plurality of resiliently compressible slabs 9 1, 96 and 96, formed of a mixture of electrically insulating material and electrically conductive, comminuted material of the type described previously, stacked respectively between electrically conductive elements 1166 and 1162, 162, and W4, and 1166 and 1166. It will be seen that all layers between insulators 96 and 92 are electrically connected.

FIG. 6 is a circuit diagram of an exemplary low-pass filter using the device of FIG. 7. The circuit of FIG. 6 includes a plurality of parallel connected capacitors 1166, M6, 11112 and 11141. One side of each capacitor is coupled to a corresponding side of the other capacitors. Slabs 94, 96 and 96 are respectively connected between the other plates of capacitors 108 and llltl, capacitors 11Il and 112 and capacitors 112 and 1114 It should be noted that the touch sensitive device of the present invention has an advantage in that its output is not particularly temperature sensitive. It will be seen from the foregoing that in addition to the dadvantages hereinabove enumerated the device of the present invention has a high operating life since there is no dependence on mechanical parts to rub or slide one another, and there are no contacts which may arc or burn. The cost of manufacturing the device is low, due in part to the inexpensive materials and due also to the simple assembly.

A touch sensitive structure of the type disclosed in FIGS. 1 to 3 is useful in electronic keyboard instruments. Typically, only two such devices need be used for an entire keyboard, one, for example, being disposed under each end of the keyboard frame with the two devices being electrically connected in parallel. Such a system will provide the same dynamics for all keys depressed at a given time. Alternatively, each key in a keyboard can be mechanically coupled to a corresponding touch sensitive switch and resistor of the type shown in FIGS. 1 to 3, thereby increasing the dynamic alternatives. Devices of the type shown in FIGS. 5 and 7 are also useful in certain keyboard devices, particularly electronic music synthesizers.

Referring now to FIG. 9 there is shown a block diagram of a touch sensitive system constructed in accordance with the system concept of the present invention for providing a polyphonic musical instrument. The system comprises an array 120 of tone generators, a corresponding array 122 of touch responsive filters, a mixer circuit 124, an audio processor 126, an amplifier 128, and an output speaker 130. The tone generators may be of conventional design and the output therefrom, as indicated in FIG. 9, may be a sawtooth waveform of a frequency corresponding to the desired note. The output from each tone generator couples to a corresponding touch responsive filter of filter array 122. Each of the filters shown in FIG. 9 may be of the type disclosed in FIG. Ml. FIG. 11 shows the equivalent circuit for the structure of FIG. Ill which is a low pass filter network. The output of all of the filters of array 122 couples to the mixer circuit 124 which may be of conventional design and is adapted to mix the tones passed by the filters of array 122. The output of the mixer circuit then couples to conventional audio processor 126 and amplifier 12%.

in FIG. Ml there is shown an enlarged cross-section of another device embodying the principles of the present invention for providing a plurality of parallel, pressure variable resistors for use in a pressure sensitive, variable low pass filter. FIG. also shows the discrete capacitors that comprise the low pass filter. The device comprises upper and lower elements 131 and 132 which may be formed of a mylar insulator. A plurality of pairs of elastically deformable slabs 13 i, 136; 138, 140; 142, 14 3; and 146, 148 may be constructed of a material similar to that discussed with reference to the slabs 9- 96 and 9d of FIG. 7 but it is preferred that the slabs be constructed of an elastically deformable but relatively incompressible material such as a plastic having conductive particles therein. One material used is sold by Custom Materials, Inc. under the trademark VELOSTAT. Each of the pairs of slabs is separated by a mylar aperture plate shown in FIG. Ill as aperture plates 150, 1S2, 154 and 156, respectively. The device also comprises a plurality of spaced conductive strips which may be formed of copper foil. These conductive strips are shown in FIG. Ill at 1158, 116d, 162, 164 and 166, and each of the pairs of slabs with their associated aperture plate are sandwiched between the spaced conductive plates, as shown.

The signal input at terminal couples to conductive strip 158, and the other conductive strips 160, I62, 164 and 166 couple, respectively, to capacitor C1, C2, C3 and C4. The other side of the capacitors C1-C4 is tied to ground and the output signal at terminal 172 is coupled from plate 166.

In the position shown in FIG. Ill when the input signal is fed from a tone generator to input terminal 17Il the touch sensitive device essentially blocks the signal to the output terminal 172 because the pairs of conductive slabs are in their non-contacting position.

FIG. 11 shows the circuit equivalent of the filter of FIG. Ml including input signal terminal 170, output signal terminal 172 and capacitors C1-C4. The variable conductances of the device of FIG. Ml which comprise conductive pair slabs 134i, 136; 138, 140; 142,144; Md, 1 218 are illustratively represented in FIG. 11 by the switch-resistor combinations S1, R1; S2, R2; S3, R3; and S4, R4, respectively. In FIG. Ml the values of capacitors C1-C are all the same. In another embodiment the R1, C1; R2, C2; R3, C3 and R4, C4 time constants are maintained constant. When the device has been sufficiently depressed the switches S1-S4l close. The corresponding values of R1, R2, R3 and R4 are different at any one given applied pressure. Resistor R1 has the lowest value and resistors R2, R3 and R4 have higher values in sequence. Thus, the capacitors C1-C4 are selected so that capacitor C1 has the highest capacitance and capacitors C2, C3 and C4 have lower capacitance in decreasing sequential order.

FIG. 12 shows a series of partial, enlarged, crosssectional views (a)(e) through the variable resistance portion of the filter of FIG. Ml for differently applied compressive forces. In FIG. 12 the arrow 176 indicates the direction in which concentrated pressure is being applied to a rubber pad 178, and this pressure is applied directly or indirectly against one of the conductive slabs such as slab 1354 in FIG. 10.

In FIG. 12(a) pad 178 has no pressure applied thereto and it is shown as just barely touching conductive plastic slab 180. The aperture plate 182 prevents contact between slab 180 and slab 184 which is disposed therebelow. In FIG. 12(b) a minimum predetermined threshold pressure has been applied in the direction of arrow 176 to pad 178 and the slab 180 has deflected enough so that it contacts lower slab 182. Thus, the switch contact has closed. In FIG. 12(c) an increased pressure above the threshold pressure has been applied and it is noted that the lower slab 182 deforms slightly downwardly in the area in the center of the aperture plate 182. In FIG. 12(d) a moderate pressure has been applied and the plate 184 has deflected further. In FIG. 12(e) the saturation pressure has been reached and there is a maximum downward deflection of bottom slab 184.

FIG. 13 is a plot of frequency on a logarithmic scale versus voltage gain for the low pass filter of FIGS. 10 and 1.1. The three waveforms depicted in FIG. 13 correspond, respectively, with the three positions shown in FIGS. 12(c), 12(d) and ll2(e). When a relatively low pressure is being applied the resistances of the filter are relatively high and there is a low frequency cutoff of say 16 Hertz as shown in FIG. 113. When a medium pressure is being applied the cutoff frequency may be on the order of 500 Hertz and at high pressure the cutoff frequency may be 16K Hertz.

FIG. Id shows another plot of pressure on a linear scale versus frequency on a logarithmic scale. Once the threshold pressure is reached, increased pressure causes the frequency response of the filter to increase in the manner shown in the waveform of FIG. I I. As indicated in FIG. M the saturation pressure is reached in one embodiment at a frequency of approximately 16K I-Iertz.

The embodiment shown in FIGS. III and I2 may employ an elastically deformable but relatively incompressible material, such as a sheet of silicone rubber containing an admixture of conductive particles such as amorphous carbon, graphite, or silver. If such a material is used in place of a compressible foam, deformation can be effected by the use of a more concentrated force such as the one applied in FIG. 12, rather than a more distributed force, such as could be applied to the embodiment of FIG. 3. With the relatively incompressible material conductance modulation is achieved almost exclusively by the variation of the area of contact (see FIG. 112) under pressure, rather than by the compression of a spongy material. The conductance increases (resistance decreases) as the pressure increases which in turn causes an increase in the area of contact. Since material such as silver-loaded silicone rubber exhibits extremely low resistivity it may be desirable to utilize a relatively high resistance carbon film on the surface of theconductor which is contacted by the silver-loaded silicon rubber on the other side of the aperture.

In the embodiments shown in FIGS. 5 and 7 the variable conductance slabs are used without any aperture plate associated therewith. However, an alternate embodiment may be used that adds aperture plates so that the device also provides a switch function. For example, in the embodiment of FIG. 5 aperture plates may be used between element 6% and slab 5%; element 6 4 and slab 5b; and element tit) and slab 5d.

FIG. I5 shows an exploded view of another embodiment of a touch-sensitive device which has a fewer number of laminated plates in comparison with arrangements hereinbefore discussed, and hence can be fabricated at reduced costs. This device comprises a baseboard m7, an insulating aperture plate I88, a flexible and deformable sheet 189, a resilient pad I90, and an upper plate I911. The members W7, W8, wt and 191 each have two holes therethrough at the left thereof for facilitating the mounting of the device in a single unit. The aperture plate 11% also has an aperture Idda which is covered on one side by sheet I89 and on the other side by baseboard I37. The baseboard M7 includes two adjacent conductive areas Th5 and Idd on the surface of board 1187 which are arranged to be located symmetrically around the centerline of the board and separated by a narrow, non-conducting channel 186a which can be bridged by the portion of sheet wil which is forced through the aperture lldfia of sheet Th8 when pad WIT is compressed, as shown in FIG. I7, between upper plate 1191 and baseboard M7. It is noted also that conductive areas 185 and 11% have longitudi- III nal extensions that connect to electrical terminations at the left of baseboard M7.

In FIG. Id the assembled device of FIG. I5 is shown in its uncompressed state wherein the sheet 189 is separated from the conductive areas 185 and M6. In FIG. I7 the upper plate I91 has been compressed and a portion of the sheet 1189 passes through the aperture lltida and contacts the areas I35 and Ida. If several of these assemblies are mounted in a common stack as shown in FIG. Id, the upper plate 11% may be eliminated in all but the uppermost assembly.

In the embodiments shown in FIGS. 15-17 further savings can be effected since the compressible pad 1190 need not be conductive. Sheet 189 can be made of a highly conductive material, and a resistive film can be applied to areas I35 and I86 on top of these areas which are normally conductive. Alternatively, a resistive material can be selected for sheet 189, in which case the metal surfaces of areas I and use need not have a resistive coating deposited thereon.

In one embodiment the device shown in FIGS. 15-17 was constructed with a sheet I89 of a highly conductive, silver-loaded silicone rubber sheet, and areas Th5 and 11% of board I87 which is preferably a printed circuit board were copper conductors coated with a carbon-base resistive material in an organic binder. Other devices have been constructed in which sheet M9 is a resistive carbon loaded rubber-like material, and areas 1% and I86 of printed circuit board I87 are copper plated with a non-corrosive metal such as nickel with a goldflash.

Referring now to FIG. I3 there is shown a key assembly 200 having a touch responsive assembly 202 associated therewith. lKey assembly 2tltl includes a base plate 24M, a key 206, front rail ass, balance rail 210 and back rail 2112. The front rail 20% has a guide pin 2M extending therefrom through an aperture provided in the key. A felt washer 2116 is disposed on the top of rail 20%. The balance rail 2W also has a felt washer 218 associated therewith and a guide pin 22f) extending through an aperture provided in the key 206. The balance rail 211i) is effectively the fulcrum for the key 206. The back rail 2I2 includes a felt pad 222 against which the end of the key 24% rests. At the end of the key adjacent the back rail 212 there may be provided a plurality of lead weights 22d securely disposed in the key and a bumper 22b which contacts the touch-responsive assembly 202 when the key is depressed at its righthand end as viewed in FIG. Id. The touch-responsive assembly includes a supporting block 230 fixedly supported from baseplate 2IMI, and includes a pair of screws 232 for attaching the plurality of touch-responsive devices to the support 23%. Each of the touch-responsive devices included in assembly 2II2 maybe identical to theone as shown in FIG. I5.

Referring now to FIG. I9 there is shown another embodiment of a touch-responsive system for use in a polyphonic musical instrument or music synthesizer. This embodiment is somewhat similar to the one shown in FIG. 9. In FIG. I9 there is shown circuitry associated with three keys of a keyboard. Because the circuitry associated with each key is similar only the circuitry associated with key I need be discussed in detail herein.

The system comprises a tone generator which may be a complex wave tone generator having a wave form W. It is noted in FIG. I9 that the period of the wave form W is different for each key. The touch-responsive asllll sembly in MG. 19 for key I is represented by three blocks referred to as the filter section 24%), control voltage section 242 and vibrato attenuator section 244. Each of these sections may be of the type shown in MG. 115.

The output of the tone generator couples to filter section 246) and also to voltage controlled amplifier 2 18. The output of filter section 24a couples by way of combining circuitry 25th to audio processing means 252 and in turn to output speaker 254 in a manner similar to that discussed previously with reference to FIG. 9. The output of the voltage controlled amplifier also couples to combining circuitry 25f). Amplifier 248 is controlled from control voltage section 242 and has a delay circuit 256 associated therewith. This delay circuit provides a delaying time constant output when the key is released. The output of control voltage section 242 may also be used for other functions such as vibrato or growl. The input to the control voltage section 2 32 is provided from a typical battery 260 which couples to the control voltage sections associated with each key.

H0. H9 also shows a vibrato attenuator section 244 which has an input couple from vibrato generator 262. Generator 262 also couples to the sections 244 associated with the other keys of the system. Theoutput from the attenuator section 244; couples to the tone generator associated with that key for providing the vibrato effect.

FlG. 2&9 shows another embodiment for the touchresponsive assembly as shown in FIG. T8. In this embodiment, the stack 1192 of devices is secured to a supporting block 1195 by means of screws 1296 and 197. A lower fixed plate 194 is also secured to block T95 by means of screws 1196 and T97 and has a contacting bump i193 fixed to the end thereof. With the arrangement shown in MG. 211) the stack 1192 is deflected towards the bump 1193 for causing touch-responsive action to the different touch-responsive devices comprising the stack. FIG. 21 shows the stack 192 in its compressed condition touching the bump 193 Since certain changes may be made in the above apparatus without departing from the scope of the invention herein involved, it is intended that all matter con tained in the above description or shown in the accompanying drawing shall be interpreted in an illustrative and not in a limiting sense.

What is claimed is:

l. A device for use in association with a keyboard of a musical instrument for providing an electrical conductance below a predetermined cutoff frequency variable in response to pressure, said device comprising:

a plurality of bodies each formed of a mixture of clas tically deformable electrically insulating material having particles of electrically conductive material dispersed therein in stacked relation to each other along the direction of pressure;

spaced-apart electrically conductive elements disposed one each between each pair of said bodies, and at each end of said stack;

wherein each of said bodies includes two slabs separated by an aperture plate;

and a plurality of capacitors each connected to one of said elements to form a low pass filter network 2. A device as defined in claim ll wherein the values of said capacitors are selected so that at a predetermined applied pressure the time constants of each stage comprising the network are substantially the same.

3. A device as defined in claim 11 wherein all said capacitors have substantially the same value.

4. A device for use in association with a keyboard of a musical instrument for providing an electrical conductance above a predetermined cutoff frequency variable in response to pressure, said device comprising:

'a plurality of bodies each formed of a mixture of elastically deformable electrically insulating material having particles of electrically conductive material dispersed therein in stacked relation to each other along the direction of pressure;

a pair of spaced apart electrically conductive elements in contact with respective portions of each of said bodies at points along the direction of pressure;

a layer of electrically insulating material separating said elements from one another;

wherein each of said bodies includes two slabs separated by an aperture plate; and

a plurality of capacitors interconnected with said elements to form a high pass filter network.

5. A device as defined in claim 4 wherein the values of said capacitors are selected so that at a predetermined applied pressure the time constants of each stage comprising the network are substantially the same.

6. A device as defined in claim 4 wherein all said capacitors have substantially the same value. 

1. A device for use in association with a keyboard of a musical instrument for providing an electrical conductance below a predetermined cutoff frequency variable in response to pressure, said device comprising: a plurality of bodies each formed of a mixture of elastically deformable electrically insulating material having particles of electrically conductive material dispersed therein in stacked relation to each other along the direction of pressure; spaced-apart electrically conductive elements disposed one each between each pair of said bodies, and at each end of said stack; wherein each of said bodies includes two slabs separated by an aperture plate; and a plurality of capacitors each connected to one of said elements to form a low pass filter network.
 2. A device as defined in claim 1 wherein the values of said capacitors are selected so that at a predetermined applied pressure the time constants of each stage comprising the network are substantially the same.
 3. A device as defined in claim 1 wherein all said capacitors have substantially the same value.
 4. A device for use in association with a keyboard of a musical instrument for providing an electrical conductance above a predetermined cutoff frequency variable in response to pressure, said device comprising: a plurality of bodies each formed of a mixture of elastically deformable electrically insulating material having particles of electrically conductive material dispersed therein in stacked relation to each other along the direction of pressure; a pair of spaced apart electrically conductive elements in contact with respective portions of each of said bodies at points along the direction of pressure; a layer of electrically insulating material separating said elements from one another; wherein each of said bodies includes two slabs separated by an aperture plate; and a plurality of capacitors interconnEcted with said elements to form a high pass filter network.
 5. A device as defined in claim 4 wherein the values of said capacitors are selected so that at a predetermined applied pressure the time constants of each stage comprising the network are substantially the same.
 6. A device as defined in claim 4 wherein all said capacitors have substantially the same value. 